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Build a healthier future with Sizer/Whitney's NUTRITION: CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES! Updated throughout and featuring the new Dietary Guidelines, this clear and engaging market leader strikes the perfect balance of scientific research, core concepts, and relevant applications. With a lively and approachable writing style, the authors dispel existing misconceptions and empower you to make better nutrition choices and enact real, lasting behavior change.
For Health & Fitness students, making use of recommended textbooks from your teacher is a valuable way to learn new concepts and achieve success in the realm of Nutrition. One important Health & Fitness textbook used by institutions of higher learning across the country is Nutrition by Frances Sizer and Ellie Whitney. Published by Brooks Cole on February 26, 2016, the 14th edition of Nutrition is a reworked version by chief author Frances Sizer with more recent instruction, references and emphasis from earlier editions and used as replacement material for Nutrition 13th Edition (9781133603184). Delivering over 800 pages of useful instruction, it's at present ranked as a top 10 Health & Fitness book and found in the top 3 amidst texts on Health & Fitness, Nutrition and correlated themes. Amidst Chegg's catalogue of available textbook offerings, this edition is a top 300 textbook, illustrating its reputation and applicability.
If this book is advised for your health & fitness course of study, saving money on it can go a long way in ensuring you have additional dollars to designate towards other school spending that can speedily pile up for students. The original list price for Nutrition 14th Edition (9781305627994) is around $253 which could seem pricey for a 3.52 lb schoolbook. In any case, Chegg works hard to try and afford student first pricing regularly discounted off of the base price so save time and money on all your Health & Fitness schoolbooks, including Brooks Cole and Frances Sizer and Ellie Whitney's Nutrition Fourteenth Edition from 2017.
Students wanting Nutrition by Frances Sizer could also want to research Nutrition 15th Edition (9781337906371) which usually is treated as a replacement text.
Frances Sizer, M.S., RD, FADA, is certified as a charter Fellow of the American Dietetic Association. She is also a founding member and vice president of Nutrition and Health Associates, a Florida-based information and resource center that maintains an online bibliographic database tracking system that conducts research in more than 1, 000 topic areas of nutrition. In addition to the best-selling NUTRITION: CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES, Sizer was a primary author of the first ever instructional and animated NUTRITION INTERACTIVE CD-ROM (Cengage Wadsworth). Her previous publications include NUTRITION CLINICS, a monograph series for health professionals, and the college text THE FITNESS TRIAD: MOTIVATION, TRAINING, AND NUTRITION. In addition to writing, enjoying her family, and schooling her horse in dressage, Sizer is also an active board member of ECHO, and a local hunger and homelessness relief organization in her community. Sizer received her B.S. and M.S. in nutrition from Florida State University.

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products (ethanol or vinegar), leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.

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Different types of organism have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential, meaning it must be consumed in sufficient amounts, to humans and some other animal species, but not to all animals and not to plants, which are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron, selenium, and zinc, while organic nutrients include, among many others, energy-providing compounds and vitamins.

A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into macronutrients and micronutrients. Consumed in relatively large amounts (grams or ounces), macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water) are used primarily to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts (milligrams or micrograms); they have subtle biochemical and physiological roles in cellular processes, like vascular functions or nerve conduction. Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients, or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in a deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes, such as the United States Dietary Reference Intake, are based on deficiency outcomes[clarification needed] and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and upper limits of intake. In many countries, macronutrients and micronutrients in significant content[clarification needed] are required by regulations to be displayed on food product labels. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects.[1] Edible plants also contain thousands of compounds generally called phytochemicals which have unknown effects on disease or health, including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called polyphenols, which remain poorly understood as of 2017.

Plant nutrients consist of more than a dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment.[2][3]

  • 2Types of nutrients
  • 3Essentiality
    • 3.1Essential nutrients

NUTRITION CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES 13TH EDITION Download Nutrition Concepts And Controversies 13th Edition ebook PDF or Read Online books in PDF, EPUB, and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to NUTRITION CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES 13TH EDITION book pdf for free now. Nutrition Concepts And Controversies 14th Edition.pdf - Free download Ebook, Handbook, Textbook, User Guide PDF files on the internet quickly and easily.

Plant nutrition

Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air. These three, in the form of water and carbon dioxide.[4] Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants:[5] the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni). In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are also needed in relatively large quantities. Together, the 'Big Six' are the elemental macronutrients for all organisms.[6]They are sourced from inorganic matter (for example, carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and diatomic molecules of nitrogen and, especially, oxygen) and organic matter (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins).

Types of nutrients

Macronutrients

Macronutrients are defined in several ways.[7]

  • The chemical elements humans consume in the largest quantities are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur, summarized as CHNOPS.
  • The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Water must be also consumed in large quantities.
  • Calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride ions, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are listed with macronutrients because they are required in large quantities compared to micronutrients, i.e., vitamins and other minerals, the latter often described as trace or ultratrace minerals.[citation needed]

Macronutrients provide energy:

  • Carbohydrates are compounds made up of types of sugar. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units: monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose).
  • Proteins are organic compounds that consist of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed essential amino acids), the diet must supply them. Through digestion, proteins are broken down by proteases back into free amino acids.
  • Fats consist of a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both double and single bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of cell membranes, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed essential fatty acids), they must be obtained through one's diet.

Fat has an energy content of 9kcal/g (~37.7 kJ/g) and proteins and carbohydrates 4kcal/g (~16.7 kJ/g).[citation needed]

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Micronutrients

Micronutrients support metabolism.

  • Dietary minerals are generally trace elements, salts, or ions such as copper and iron. Some of these minerals are essential to human metabolism.
  • Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. They usually act as coenzymes or cofactors for various proteins in the body.

Essentiality

Essential nutrients

An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a dietary source.[8][9] Apart from water, which is universally required for the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals,[10] essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular metabolic processes and maintaining tissue and organ function.[11] In the case of humans, there are nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen vitamins and fifteen minerals that are considered essential nutrients.[11] In addition, there are several molecules that are considered conditionally essential nutrients since they are indispensable in certain developmental and pathological states.[11][12][13]

Amino acids

Nutrition concepts and controversies 14th edition pdf free download for windows

Nutrition Concepts And Controversies 14th Edition Pdf free. download full

An essential amino acid is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized de novo by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be endogenously synthesized by humans: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine.[14][15]

Fatty acids

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them.[16] Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).[17]

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic molecules essential for an organism that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as enzymatic cofactors, metabolic regulators or antioxidants. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols):[18] vitamins A, C, D, E, K, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), vitamin B6 (e.g., pyridoxine), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). The requirement for vitamin D is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin.

Minerals

Nancy drew last train to blue moon canyon download free. Minerals are the exogenouschemical elements indispensable for life. Although the four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids. Sulfur is essential, but again does not have a recommended intake. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine.

The essential nutrient elements for humans, listed in order of Recommended Dietary Allowance (expressed as a mass), are potassium, chloride, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, selenium and cobalt (the last as a component of vitamin B12). Nokia 2720 unlock code generator free. There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as boron and silicon.

Conditionally essential nutrients

Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include premature birth, limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states.[12]Choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism.[12]

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Non-essential nutrients

Mac app subdirectories contents permissions. Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health; these substances can be beneficial or toxic.[medical citation needed] For example, dietary fiber is not absorbed in the human digestive tract, but is important in maintaining the bulk of a bowel movement to avoid constipation.[medical citation needed] A subset of dietary fiber, soluble fiber, can be metabolized by bacteria residing in the large intestine.[19][20][21] Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a prebiotic function – promoting 'healthy' intestinal bacteria.[citation needed] Bacterial metabolism of soluble fiber also produces short-chain fatty acids like butyric acid, which may be absorbed into intestinal cells as a source of calories.[19][20][21]

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Non-nutrients

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By definition, phytochemicals include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants.[23] Included as nutritional constituents are provitamin A carotenoids,[24] whereas those without nutrient status are diverse polyphenols, flavonoids, resveratrol, and lignans – often claimed to have antioxidant effects – that are present in numerous plant foods.[25] A number of phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health.[23][24][25] However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties in vivo is that they must first be defined with a Dietary Reference Intake level to enable accurate food labeling,[26] a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to be antioxidant nutrients.[27]

Deficiencies and toxicity

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An inadequate amount of a nutrient is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to a number of causes including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism.[1] Some of the conditions that can interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater than normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion.[1] Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of a nutrient does harm to an organism.[28]

In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that 'will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual', a definition somewhat different from that used by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of a 'basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy'.[29]

In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity.[30][31][32] For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India[33] to 155 mg/day for the European Union.[34] The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date to 1997-2004.[15]

NutrientU.S. EAR[30]Highest U.S.
RDA or AI[30]		Highest EU
PRI or AI[34]		Upper limitUnit
U.S.[30]EU [31]Japan[32]
Vitamin A6259001300300030002700µg
Vitamin C75901552000NDNDmg
Vitamin D101515100100100µg
Vitamin KNE12070NDNDNDµg
α-tocopherol (Vit E)1215131000300650-900mg
Thiamin (Vit B1)1.01.20.1 mg/MJNDNDNDmg
Riboflavin (Vit B2)1.11.32.0NDNDNDmg
Niacin* (Vit B3)12161.6 mg/MJ351060-85mg
Pantothenic acid (Vit B5)NE57NDNDNDmg
Vitamin B61.11.31.81002540-60mg
Biotin (Vit B7)NE3045NDNDNDµg
Folate (Vit B9)32040060010001000900-1000µg
Cobalamin (Vit B12)2.02.45.0NDNDNDµg
CholineNE5505203500NDNDmg
Calcium80010001000250025002500mg
ChlorideNE2300NE3600NDNDmg
ChromiumNE35NENDNDNDµg
Copper700900160010000500010000µg
FluorideNE43.4107____mg
Iodine9515020011006003000µg
Iron618 (females)
8 (males)		16 (females)
11 (males)		45ND40-45mg
Magnesium*350420350350250350mg
ManganeseNE2.33.011ND11mg
Molybdenum3445652000600450-550µg
Phosphorus5807006404000ND3000mg
PotassiumNE47004000NDND2700-3000mg
Selenium455570400300330-460µg
SodiumNE1500NE2300ND3000-3600mg
Zinc9.41116.3402535-45mg
  • For niacin and magnesium there appears to be a contradiction inherent in the information in the table, as the amounts recommended for daily consumption can be more than the amounts identified as the safe upper limits. For both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium above the UL may cause diarrhea. Niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs can differ.[30][31]

EAR U.S. Estimated Average Requirements.

Nutrition Concepts And Controversies 14th Edition Pdf Free Download For Windows

RDA U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.

AI U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.

Watch live 500 dollar scratch off winners. PRI Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin the PRIs are expressed as amounts per MJ of calories consumed. MJ = megajoule = 239 food calories.

Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels.

ND ULs have not been determined.

NE EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient).

See also

References

Nutrition concepts and controversies 14th edition pdf free. download full
  1. ^ abcAudrey H. Ensminger (1994). Foods & nutrition encyclopedia. CRC Press. pp. 527–. ISBN978-0-8493-8980-1. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  2. ^Whitney, Elanor and Sharon Rolfes. 2005. Understanding Nutrition, 10th edition, p. 6. Thomson-Wadsworth.
  3. ^Frances Sizer; Ellie Whitney (12 November 2007). Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Cengage Learning. pp. 26–. ISBN978-0-495-39065-7. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  4. ^J. Benton Jones (1998). Plant nutrition manual. CRC Press. pp. 34–. ISBN978-1-884015-31-1. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  5. ^Allen V. Barker; D. J. Pilbeam (2007). Handbook of plant nutrition. CRC Press. ISBN978-0-8247-5904-9. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  6. ^New Link in Chain of Life, Wall Street Journal, 2010-12-03, accessed 2010-12-05. 'Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats and DNA.'
  7. ^Mark Kern (12 May 2005). CRC desk reference on sports nutrition. CRC Press. pp. 117–. ISBN978-0-8493-2273-0. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  8. ^'What is an essential nutrient?'. NetBiochem Nutrition, University of Utah.
  9. ^John Griffith Vaughan; Catherine Geissler; Barbara Nicholson; Elisabeth Dowle; Elizabeth Rice (2009). The new Oxford book of food plants. Oxford University Press US. pp. 212–. ISBN978-0-19-954946-7. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
  10. ^Jéquier, E; Constant, F (2 September 2009). 'Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration'(PDF). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 64 (2): 115–123. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.111. PMID19724292.
  11. ^ abcChipponi, JX; Bleier, JC; Santi, MT; Rudman, D (May 1982). 'Deficiencies of essential and conditionally essential nutrients'. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 35 (5 Suppl): 1112–1116. doi:10.1093/ajcn/35.5.1112. PMID6805293.
  12. ^ abcCarver, Jane (2006). 'Conditionally essential nutrients: choline, inositol, taurine, arginine, glutamine and nucleotides'. Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–311. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511544712.020. ISBN9780511544712.
  13. ^Kendler, BS (2006). 'Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy'. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 21 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1097/00005082-200601000-00004. PMID16407731.
  14. ^Young VR (1994). 'Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations'(PDF). J. Nutr. 124 (8 Suppl): 1517S–1523S. doi:10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1517S. PMID8064412.
  15. ^ abDietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2014-07-14.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^Robert S. Goodhart; Maurice E. Shils (1980). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febinger. pp. 134–138. ISBN978-0-8121-0645-9.
  17. ^Whitney Ellie; Rolfes SR (2008). Understanding Nutrition (11th ed.). California: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 154.
  18. ^Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG; Traber (1999). 'Vitamin E: function and metabolism'. FASEB J. 13 (10): 1145–1155. doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145. PMID10385606.
  19. ^ abVital M, Howe AC, Tiedje JM (April 2014). 'Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data'. mBio. 5 (2): e00889. doi:10.1128/mBio.00889-14. PMC3994512. PMID24757212.
  20. ^ abLupton JR (February 2004). 'Microbial degradation products influence colon cancer risk: the butyrate controversy'. The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (2): 479–482. doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.479. PMID14747692.
  21. ^ abCummings JH, Macfarlane GT, Englyst HN (February 2001). 'Prebiotic digestion and fermentation'. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73 (2 Suppl): 415S–420S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.415s. PMID11157351.
  22. ^'What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013-2014'
  23. ^ ab'Phytochemicals'. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  24. ^ ab'Carotenoids'. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. August 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  25. ^ ab'Flavonoids'. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  26. ^'Nutrient content claims--general principles; 21CFR101.13'. US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  27. ^Gross, Paul (March 1, 2009). 'New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part Report on Current Regulations and the State of Science'. Nutraceuticals World.
  28. ^Campbell, T. C.; Allison, R. G.; Fisher, K. D. (2009). 'Nutrient Toxicity'. Nutrition Reviews. 39 (6): 249–256. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1981.tb07453.x. PMID7312225.
  29. ^Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes. What are dietary reference intakes? (Chapter 1, page 21-22). Institute of Medicine, US National Academies of Science. 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  30. ^ abcdeDietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
  31. ^ abcTolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals(PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006
  32. ^ abDietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010) National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan
  33. ^'Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. pp.283-295 (2009)'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on June 15, 2016.
  34. ^ ab'Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies'(PDF). 2017. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017.

External links

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